A riparian area on the Allegheny River in northwest Pennsylvania consisting of cordgrass, switchgrass and other warm season grasses.
Its long roots improve soil and water quality by absorbing nutrients and sequestering carbon dioxide. The tall bunch grass benefits wildlife, offering optimal nesting and cover. Switchgrass is a particularly beneficial warm season grass for use in riparian buffer zones.
A riparian buffer is an area of permanent vegetation immediately adjacent to a moving body of water. These areas often consist of three zones. The first and closest to the body of water typically consists of established, fast-growing trees. The second is characterized by shrubs and other early-successional vegetation. The third, and farthest from the water body, often contains native grasses and forbs.
Streams that drain agricultural and urban areas can often suffer from the effects of runoff, contaminating the water body with pollutants and increased nitrogen and phosphorus levels. Riparian areas are crucial for ecological diversity, erosion control and absorption of harmful runoff prior to reaching the water body. They ensure the stability, health and biodiversity of the stream itself, while also providing necessary habitat for many terrestrial organisms.
Check soil pH and fertility; adding lime can improve the nutritional value of vegetation beneficial for wildlife. If a soil test has not been obtained, a starter fertilizer, such as 200 lb per acre of 16-16-16, should be applied. If uncertain about the soil pH, add 1,000-2,000 lb of lime per acre which will provide plants with essential nutrients without pushing up a lot of top growth. Lime and fertilizer may be incorporated into the soil using a tiller. After incorporating amendments, smooth the soil to develop a good seedbed. If broadcasting the seed, run a spring-tooth harrow or ATV over the site to incorporate the seed into the soil 1/4”-1/2” deep.
A riparian buffer can be established passively — by simply establishing a “no-mow” zone and allowing vegetation to establish through natural disbursement of seeds by wind, birds and animals. But this method does not always result in the most effective riparian area, and can be marked by the existence of non-native, aggressive and/or invasive species that offer little ecological function.
It is advisable to take an active approach to riparian buffer establishment by providing a well-conceived and biodiverse selection of vegetation. Careful consideration should be given to assessing the site, developing a planting plan, preparing the site, selecting appropriate seeds and live materials, and planting. For the purpose of this handout, we will focus on the many benefits of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and other perennial, native, warm season grasses.
Use of switchgrass as a buffer between agricultural and/or urban activity and watersheds is seen by many as one of the best methods for protection of these priceless resources.
Switchgrass has extensive roots that can grow as deep as five to six feet into the ground. In addition to serving as a superior soil stabilizer for erosion control, this plant and its root system form a tremendous ecological filter — soaking up nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, and sequestering carbon dioxide.
Note the crystal clear water in this stream bordered by a lush stand of switchgrass.The shade offered by overhanging grasses and other vegetation helps to regulate water temperature as well.
Adding to its ecological value, switchgrass and many other warm season grasses provide necessary cover for the mating, nesting, brood rearing and feeding activities of ground-nesting birds. Small mammals such as mice and rabbits also thrive in this habitat. The addition of native forbs to a riparian area planting adds foraging benefits for pollinators such as honeybees, native bees and butterflies.
In 2004, researchers from the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service and Agricultural Research Service studied the performance of various warm season grasses in riparian areas that see occasional flooding. They determined that certain specific cultivars of switchgrass, eastern gamagrass and prairie cordgrass performed the best in the categories of survival, vigor and biomass production.
Factors such as soil type, hydrology, pH, fertility, erosion/run-off potential, compaction, existing vegetative cover and previous crop history must be considered when establishing perennial, native, warm season grasses.
Switchgrass can survive in a wide range of soil moisture and tolerates a soil pH of 5.0-8.0. Soil pH below 6.0 should be corrected with the addition of lime.
Soil fertility is a function of the available nutrients that can be used by the plant. Warm season grasses can be more productive at lower fertility levels than row crops or alfalfa. Soil tests are required to determine soil fertility levels. Fertilizer is not recommended for soils with moderate fertility levels.
Tilling a field going to warm season grasses corrects surface roughness and incorporates crop residue before planting.
Perennial vegetation of grasses and broadleaf weeds must be controlled before a field can be planted. The first step is to mow or burn existing vegetation which produces new vegetative growth. Roundup® and a systemic broadleaf herbicide can then be sprayed which effectively kills undesirable species.
No till or minimum till are the most effective means of seeding new warm season grasses. One of the limiting factors of no till is surface crop residue that prevents proper seed-to-soil contact, shades the germinating seedlings and/or creates a nitrogen deficiency during decomposition. Each situation requires customized tillage and herbicide considerations.
Switchgrass in a riparian area along the Allegheny River in northwestern Pennsylvania.
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DISCLAIMER: The information in this review of practices is the result of more than 50 years of experience in seed production. Ernst Conservation Seeds has been supplying seeds and consulting in the reseeding of tens of thousands of acres of roadsides, surface mined lands, conservation, and restoration sites in eastern North America, as well as growing and supplying seed and consulting in the planting of hundreds of thousands of acres of CRP/CREP-related areas for erosion control and wildlife habitat. All of these practices are opinion only and our best advice as a result of these experiences. These recommendations do not cover all the conditions that will be encountered in the field. All of the information is for individual consideration. Ernst Conservation Seeds is not responsible for conditions that will be encountered in individual situations. The use of brand names does not represent our endorsement of a specific product; rather, it represents our experience only and has not necessarily been replicated in peer-reviewed research. The use of chemical pest control agents is subject to manufacturers’ instructions and labeling, as well as federal, state, and local regulations.
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